When it comes to cannabis, two acronyms rain supreme: THC and CBD.

But what do these six letters mean exactly? What are THC and CBD? How do they work? What do they do for you? And which one should you be taking? Both? Hey, wait, isn't cannabis illegal? Will my dad get mad at me for taking this? Will he know? Don't worry — we have all of the answers here in this definitive guide. Well, maybe not those last two.

Anyway, before we get into the proverbial weeds — pun absolutely intended — we're going to first define cannabinoids and get a clear understanding on how these compounds interact with the body.

Understanding Cannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System

If you're diving into the world of cannabis, you've probably come across the term "cannabinoids." Difficult to pronounce? Yes. Important to your body's day-to-day function? Also yes. But what exactly are they, and how do they interact with your physiology? Let's break it down in a way that's easy to digest.

First off, cannabinoids are a diverse group of chemical compounds that primarily interact with the body's endocannabinoid system — sometimes called the ECS for short. They can be classified into three main categories:

Phytocannabinoids

These are the cannabinoids derived from the cannabis plant. The most well-known among them and the subject of this article are tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, and cannabidiol, or CBD). At a very high level — again with the puns — THC is famous for its psychoactive effects, while CBD is well known for its therapeutic benefits without the intoxication.

Endocannabinoids

These are naturally occurring compounds produced by our own bodies. The two primary endocannabinoids are anandamide, or AEA, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, or 2-AG. They play important roles in regulating a variety of physiological processes, such as your mood, your appetite, your memory, and the way your body experiences pain.

Synthetic Cannabinoids

These are lab-created compounds designed to mimic the effects of natural cannabinoids. While they can produce similar effects to THC and CBD, their safety profiles are often a little questionable, and some of the sketchier ones have been linked to some pretty bad health outcomes. If you remember the gas-station weed alternatives of the early 2000s, you're familiar with synthetic cannabinoids. For better or worse.

The Endocannabinoid System — Homeostasis for Homosapians

Now that we have a decent grasp of cannabinoids let's talk about the system that facilitates their effects: the ECS. This is a complex network of receptors, endocannabinoids, and enzymes that work together to maintain balance within that body of yours. Let's break it down into its component parts.

Cannabinoid Receptors

These are specialized proteins found throughout the body, primarily in the brain and immune system. The two main types are CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are mostly located in the central nervous system and are involved in regulating mood, memory, and pain perception.

On the other hand, CB2 receptors are found mainly in the peripheral nervous system and immune cells, playing a crucial role in modulating inflammation and immune response.

Endocannabinoids

As we mentioned earlier, these naturally produced compounds bind to cannabinoid receptors to initiate various physiological responses. They help regulate processes such as pain sensation, mood, immune function, and even appetite.

Enzymes

The ECS includes enzymes responsible for the synthesis and breakdown of endocannabinoids. For example, fatty acid amide hydrolase, or FAAH, breaks down anandamide, while monoacylglycerol lipase, or MAGL breaks down 2-AG. This helps make sure that endocannabinoids are available when your body needs them but they don't stick around longer than necessary.

How Cannabinoids Interact with the ECS

When cannabinoids from external sources — like cannabis — are introduced into the body, they can bind to the ECS receptors, mimicking the effects of your body's endocannabinoids. In practice, THC primarily binds to CB1 receptors, leading to the psychoactive effects that a lot of users seek. Meanwhile, CBD tends to have a more indirect effect, enhancing the efficacy of endocannabinoids rather than binding directly to receptors. This works by way of the entourage effect, where cannabinoids sort of play off of one another, enhancing the effects.

Research into the ECS is ongoing, but it has already revealed significant implications for health and wellness. It's well-documented that cannabinoids can influence a variety of conditions, such as chronic pain, anxiety, inflammation, and even sleep disorders. Pretty impressive stuff, those cannabinoids.

So now that you've got a good picture of how cannabinoids interact with your body physiologically, let's drill down and take a look at the two cannabinoids in question. Let's start off with the fun one.

Understanding THC: The Psychoactive Powerhouse

Tetrahydrocannabinol, more commonly called THC, is the most well-known and widely studied cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. Its reputation primarily stems from its psychoactive properties, but THC is far more than just the compound responsible for the "high" associated with marijuana.

The Chemical Structure of THC

At its core, THC is a phytocannabinoid, meaning it originates from the cannabis plant. If you're a chemistry major, its chemical formula is C21H30O2, and it features a complex arrangement of carbon rings and side chains. This structure allows THC to interact with your endocannabinoid system, specifically binding to cannabinoid receptors.

When THC is consumed, it's able to quickly cross your blood-brain barrier, which means it's able to work on the central nervous system. This interaction primarily occurs at the CB1 receptors, which are mostly located in the brain. Remember, those play an important role in regulating various physiological processes, including mood, memory, and pain perception.

Psychoactive Effects of THC

One of the most defining characteristics of THC, and the reason for all of those black light posters they used to sell at Hot Topics, is its psychoactive effect. When consumed, THC binds to those CB1 receptors in the brain, leading to altered sensory perception, mood changes, and cognitive effects. When you're under the influence of THC, you might feel relaxed or even euphoric. You might also have enhanced sensory experiences, and you might giggle a lot at whatever is on Netflix.

Lots of people seek out THC for these fun effects, but it can also lead to discomfort, especially when consumed in higher doses by inexperienced users. These side effects may include anxiety, paranoia, impaired memory, and motor function. You really need to understand your own tolerances when consuming THC, but we'll have more on that later.

The Therapeutic Applications of THC

Beyond its recreational use, THC has gained significant attention for its therapeutic applications. Research has shown that THC can provide relief for a huge range of medical conditions. Some of the most notable uses include:

• Chronic Pain Relief: THC's ability to modulate pain perception makes it an effective option for individuals suffering from chronic pain conditions, such as arthritis or neuropathy.
• Appetite Stimulation: THC is well-known for its capacity to increase appetite, often referred to as the "munchies." While it's fodder for a lot of low-brow movie jokes, this property is actually really beneficial for patients undergoing treatments like chemotherapy or people recovering from eating disorders.
• Nausea Reduction: THC has been shown to alleviate nausea and vomiting, making it a valuable option for those dealing with yet another negative side effect of chemotherapy or other medical treatments.
• Mental Health Support: A lot of studies are suggesting that THC may help manage symptoms associated with conditions like anxiety disorders and PTSD. Individual responses vary pretty significantly, and you should never use THC to self-medicate. If you need relief from the symptoms of a mental health disorder, you should consult with a healthcare professional first.

THC And the Law

The legality of THC remains a complex and often contentious issue. In many countries, cannabis containing THC is classified as a controlled substance, leading to a patchwork of regulations that differ pretty significantly. Some places have embraced legalization for both recreational and medicinal use, while others maintain strict prohibitions. It's quite literally a grab bag right now.

The passage of the 2018 Farm Bill in the United States marked a significant turning point for cannabis legislation in the U.S., particularly concerning hemp-derived products. While this legislation clarified the status of certain cannabis products, THC-rich plant material remains under different legal constraints depending on the jurisdiction you're in. More on that in a bit.

Understanding THC — its effects, benefits, and legal status — empowers individuals to make informed choices about their consumption, whether for recreation or health purposes. As research continues to evolve and public perceptions change, the narrative around THC and its applications will undoubtedly expand, offering new insights into how to effectively use this powerful cannabinoid.

Phew. Got all that? Good. Now, let's give CBD the same treatment.

Understanding CBD: THC's Non-Psychoactive Cousin

CBD, or Cannabidiol if you want to be pedantic, is one of the most important cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. Unlike its more famous counterpart, THC, CBD does not produce psychoactive effects, making it increasingly popular with folks seeking therapeutic benefits without getting high.

The Chemical Structure of CBD

CBD is another phytocannabinoid that's similar to THC in structure but differing significantly in its effects. CBD does not bind directly to cannabinoid receptors in the same way that THC does. Instead, it interacts with the endocannabinoid system indirectly. This unique interaction influences various physiological processes in your body, which is one of the reasons why CBD has so many health benefits.

How CBD Interacts with the Body

Like we said above, the ECS plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, or balance, within the body. While THC primarily binds to CB1 receptors in the brain, CBD has a more complex relationship with the ECS that isn't perfectly understood. It is thought to modulate the activity of CB1 and CB2 receptors and interact with other receptor sites, including serotonin receptors, which probably contributes to its effects on mood and anxiety.

Therapeutic Applications of CBD

Walk through any smoke shop or wellness store, and you'll see that CBD is getting a lot of attention for its potential therapeutic applications. The really big ones include:

Anxiety and Stress Relief

Numerous studies suggest that CBD may help reduce anxiety and stress. By interacting with serotonin receptors, it can promote a sense of calm and well-being in some people, making it an attractive option for those dealing with anxiety disorders who don't want to go the traditional medication route. Keep in mind that you should never use cannabis to self-medicate. Always consult with a healthcare professional before you start taking anything new.

Pain Management

CBD has shown a ton of promise in alleviating various forms of pain, including chronic pain, arthritis, and neuropathic pain. Its anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to this effect, providing relief without the side effects often associated with traditional pain medications.

Anti-Seizure Properties

One of the most well-researched applications of CBD is its ability to reduce seizure frequency in certain types of epilepsy, particularly in children with conditions like Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The FDA has approved a CBD-based medication, Epidiolex, for this purpose, underscoring its therapeutic potential.

Neuroprotective Effects

Preliminary research suggests that CBD may offer neuroprotective properties, potentially benefiting individuals with neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. More research needs to be done, but this is a very promising and important field of study.

Skin Health

Interestingly enough, topical CBD products are becoming popular for managing skin conditions such as acne and eczema due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The EDC has some receptor sites just below the surface of the skin, which CBD can interact with to reduce inflammation. Is there anything cannabis can't do?

The Laws Governing CBD

The legal status of CBD has evolved significantly in recent years, and as the outright prohibition of cannabis has been relaxed, CBD products have surged in popularity with a wide range of options available in health stores, online marketplaces, and in various consumer goods.

Despite legalization efforts, the legal landscape for CBD remains pretty complex. Individual states have the authority to regulate CBD products, leading to a patchwork of laws that can vary pretty significantly. Some states have embraced CBD in all its forms, while others impose restrictions. We'll get into this in more depth in a bit. Before we do so, let's talk about how CBD and THC interact with each other.

Tag team match, go!

What Happens When You Take THC and CBD Together? Understanding the Entourage Effect

As interest in cannabis continues to grow, many consumers are exploring the potential benefits of combining different cannabinoids, particularly THC and CBD. While both compounds can be beneficial on their own, their effects can change significantly when taken together.

The Entourage Effect Explained

No, we're not talking about Jeremy Piven here. The entourage effect is a term used to describe the phenomenon where the various compounds in the cannabis plant, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, work together to produce a more significant overall effect than any single compound could achieve on its own. This concept is rooted in the idea that the cannabis plant is a complex ecosystem of various bioactive compounds that interact with one another in unique ways. Seriously, this is probably the closest thing to magic we have in the modern world.

More specifically, when THC and CBD are consumed together, their effects definitely influence one another. Research indicates that CBD can modulate the psychoactive effects of THC, potentially reducing the anxiety and paranoia that some users experience when consuming higher doses of only THC. This balancing act can lead to a more pleasant experience for users, making it easier for them to enjoy the benefits of THC without the scarier side effects.

Combining THC and CBD may also enhance the therapeutic effects of both cannabinoids. For example, THC is known for its analgesic pain-relieving properties, meaning that it can relieve pain, while CBD has anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic, or anxiety-reducing, effects. When taken together, these cannabinoids can provide a more comprehensive approach to managing serious conditions.

That said, the response to THC and CBD can vary widely from person to person, and they're greatly influenced by factors such as genetics, body chemistry, and tolerance levels. This variability means that some individuals may experience significant benefits from combining the two, while others might prefer one cannabinoid over the other. It's all a matter of preference, and you'll discover those preferences through experimentation.

The entourage effect is not limited to THC and CBD though. It encompasses a wide range of cannabinoids and terpenes found in the cannabis plant. For example, terpenes like myrcene and limonene may contribute to the overall experience by influencing mood, relaxation, or even pain relief. You know how a lot of experienced cannabis users talk about different strains? Those have different ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids that all work together to produce different pronounced effects that connoisseurs seek out.

Alright, now that we understand how these cannabinoids work together, let's talk about how to avoid getting in trouble for using them.

Understanding the Legality of CBD and THC

The legal landscape surrounding CBD and THC is complex and continually evolving, influenced by federal legislation, state laws, and public perception. But understanding these nuances is crucial for people looking to explore the benefits of these cannabinoids. Luckily a significant turning point in this landscape happened about seven years ago — the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, which has had profound implications for cannabis legality across the United States.

Officially known as the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, this bill legalized the cultivation and production of hemp, defined as cannabis plants containing less than 0.3% THC by dry weight. This legislation effectively distinguished hemp from marijuana, the latter being classified as cannabis with higher concentrations of THC. As a result, hemp-derived products, including CBD and low-THC cannabis products, became legal at the federal level, provided they meet that threshold

This change has led to a burgeoning market for hemp-derived CBD products, making them widely accessible across the country. For consumers, this means that CBD products derived from hemp are generally legal to possess and use, regardless of state laws. However, it's essential to note that while hemp-derived CBD is federally legal, individual states may have specific regulations regarding its sale and distribution.

THC: A More Complicated Landscape

When it comes to THC, the legal situation is more nuanced. THC derived from hemp — remember, that's cannabis with less than 0.3% THC —  is legal under federal law, but state regulations can vary significantly. Some states have embraced the legalization of hemp-derived THC, allowing products that contain it to be sold openly. However, many states maintain strict laws regarding the possession and sale of marijuana flower, which typically contains higher levels of THC.

In states where recreational or medicinal marijuana is legal, consumers can freely purchase marijuana flower and products containing THC. Conversely, in states where marijuana remains illegal, possessing or consuming marijuana flower can lead to legal repercussions, despite the federal legalization of hemp-derived THC.

This patchwork of regulations can definitely create confusion. If you're considering using THC or CBD products, you should stick to well-respected brands like Sherpa that take the time to cross the Ts and dot the Is. You don't want to be explaining to a cop that you didn't know what you were doing was illegal. That never goes well…

And with that in mind, here are a few other tips on safely consuming these products.

Tips for Consuming THC and CBD Products

Navigating the world of THC and CBD products can be exciting, but it's essential to approach consumption thoughtfully to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Whether you're seeking the therapeutic benefits of CBD, the psychoactive effects of THC, or the combined benefits of both, here are some key tips to consider when consuming these cannabinoids.

Consult with a Professional

First things first — If you're considering THC or CBD for specific health conditions, it's wise to consult with a healthcare professional knowledgeable about cannabis. They can provide personalized recommendations on appropriate dosages and potential interactions with medications and help tailor a plan based on your health needs.

Start Small

When trying THC or CBD products for the first time, you really should start with a low dose. This approach allows you to gauge your body's reaction without getting overwhelmed. For THC, begin with a low milligram amount — 2 to 5 is usually a good place to start — especially if you're inexperienced or sensitive to psychoactive effects. For CBD, starting small can help you find the dosage that works best for your needs without causing any unwanted side effects.

Understand The Different Consumption Methods

Cannabis products come in various forms, each with unique effects and onset times. Smoking and Vaping provide rapid onset, typically within minutes, allowing for more immediate effects. The drawback is that they can be harsh on the lungs for some users. Edibles, on the other hand, can take anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours to take effect. It's important to be patient and avoid consuming more during this time as the effects can be more intense and longer-lasting. Topicals are also an option, particularly if you're looking to get the anti-inflammatory benefits of CBD. Infused creams and balms can be applied directly to the skin for localized relief without psychoactive effects.

Be Mindful of Your Environment

If you're consuming THC, your surroundings can significantly impact your cannabis experience. You're going to want to choose a comfortable, familiar space where you feel safe — especially if you're new to the cannabis world. When using CBD, the environment is less critical, but a relaxing setting can enhance your overall experience. We recommend rubbing in some CBD body lotion right after a hot shower to really get your relaxation on.

Keep a Journal

It might sound a little weird, but documenting your experiences can be really helpful, especially when you're trying to dial in certain effects. Note the dosage, method of consumption, and negative side effects you experienced. This practice can help you identify what works best for you and guide your future choices, allowing for a more tailored approach to your cannabis consumption.

Be Aware of Legal Issues

Be aware of the legal status of THC and CBD products in your area. This includes understanding any restrictions on possession, sale, and consumption. You should always purchase cannabis products from reputable sources like Sherpa to ensure product quality and safety.

Be Mindful of Interactions

If you plan to combine THC and CBD, remember that they can interact in unique ways. As mentioned earlier, CBD may help moderate the effects of THC, making for a more balanced experience. However, everyone's body reacts differently, so pay attention to how the combination affects you and document it so you can achieve the same results again or avoid negative side effects. It's all about safe experimentation. Don't push yourself too far, but switch things up from time to time. Variety is the spice of life after all.

Final Thoughts on CBD and THC

At the end of the day, CBD and THC are the dream team of cannabinoids. Taken individually, these compounds offer a wide array of therapeutic benefits, but when taken together, those benefits can play off of each other, creating even more positive impacts in your life. While it's important to be safe and smart about your consumption, we'd argue that these two cannabinoids are some of the most important chemicals on planet Earth — ones that almost everyone can enjoy and benefit from.

If you have any questions about how you should consume these products, please feel free to reach out! We love talking about this stuff, and we'd be happy to get you set up with the edibles you'll need to achieve your goals, whether that's pain relief, sleep enhancement, or just elevating your Saturday afternoon.